¹ "Top Ten US Newspapers by Circulation," Newspaper.com, http://www.newspapers.com/top10.html.

² David Henkin, City Reading: Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 105.

³ Eric Alterman, "Out of Print: The Death and Life of the American Newspaper," The New Yorker, 31 March 2008, available online at: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/31/080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=1

⁴ Use of Sources for News, a Carnegie Corporation report, available online at: http://www.carnegie.org/reporter/10/news/index.html

⁵ Geoffrey R. Stone, War and Liberty: An American Dilemma, 1790 to the Present (W.W. Norton, 2007), 8.

⁶ "Population of the Hundred Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the Unites States, 1790-1990" United States Census Bureau. Available online at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html

⁷ Gerald Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 20.

⁸ John Tebbel, The Compact History of the American Newspaper (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1969), 63, 65.

⁹ John Tebbel, The Compact History of the American Newspaper (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1969), 108.

¹⁰ Gerald Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 85.

¹¹ Gerald Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 59.

¹² "The Newspaper Crisis," The Gaughan Report, 16 February 2008, http://anthonygaughan.blogspot.com/2008/02/newspaper-crisis.html

¹³ Michael Emery and Edwin Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media ( Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996), 100.

¹⁴ Christine Wick Sizemore, David A. Copeland, The Antebellum Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1820 to 1860 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing group, 2003), 166.

¹⁵ Timothy Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 96.

¹⁶ Elliot Gorn, The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America ( Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1986), 39.

¹⁷ "The Newspaper Crisis," The Gaughan Report, 16 February 2008, http://anthonygaughan.blogspot.com/2008/02/newspaper-crisis.html

¹⁸ Eric Alterman, "Out of Print: The Death and Life of the American Newspaper," The New Yorker, 31 March 2008, available online at: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/31/080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=1

¹⁹ Eric Alterman, "Out of Print: The Death and Life of the American Newspaper," The New Yorker, 31 March 2008, available online at: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/31/080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=1

²⁰ Use of Sources for News, a Carnegie Corporation report, available online at: http://www.carnegie.org/reporter/10/news/index.html

²¹ Use of Sources for News, a Carnegie Corporation report, available online at: http://www.carnegie.org/reporter/10/news/index.html

²² Rupert Murdoch's speech to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington DC, April 13 2005; available online at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/apr/14/citynews.newmedia

²³ First Amendment to the United States Constitution, 1788, available online at: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment01/

²⁴ United States Congress, Sedition Act, 14 July 1798, available online at: http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=16&page=transcript

²⁵ United States Congress, Espionage Act, 15 June 1917, available online at: http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/espionageact.htm

²⁶ United States Congress, Sedition Act, 16 May 1918, available online at: http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_U.S._Sedition_Act

²⁷ United States Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States (1919), available online at:http://laws.findlaw.com/us/249/47.html

²⁸ United States Congress, Alien Registration Act (Smith Act), 28 June 1940, available online at: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/smithactof1940.html

²⁹ United States Supreme Court, New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), available online at: http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1963/1963_39/

³⁰ United States Congress, Comstock Act, 3 March 1873.

³¹ United States Supreme Court, Roth v. United States (1957), available online at: http://www.oyez.org/cases/1950-1959/1956/1956_582/

³² United States Supreme Court, Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), available online at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0378_0184_ZS.html

³³ Potter Stewart, concurring opinion in United States Supreme Court, Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), available online at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0378_0184_ZC1.html

³⁴ United States Supreme Court, Miller v. California (1973), available online at: http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_73/

³⁵ "The Great Moon Hoax of 1835," available online at: http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/Hoaxipedia/Great_Moon_Hoax_of_1835/

³⁶ John Tebbel, The Compact History of the American Newspaper ( New York: Hawthorn Books, 1969), 200.

³⁷ George Washington, available online at: http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2006/10/03/couricandco/entry2058637.shtml

³⁸ Thomas Jefferson, available online at: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/rightsof/press.htm

³⁹ Warren Buffett, available online at: http://www.forbes.com/home/leadership/2007/01/10/leadership-managing-money-lead-manage-cx_hc_0110buffett.html

⁴⁰ G. Gordon Liddy, quoted in New York Times, 29 December 1986, available online at: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE6DA1230F93AA15751C1A960948260

⁴¹ available online at: avhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087332/quotes