¹ David Kennedy, "Can We Still Afford to Be a Nation of Immigrants?" The Atlantic Monthly, November 1996.

² Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

³ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

⁴ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

⁵ Michael Uschan The Transcontinental Railroad (Gareth Stevens, 2003), 27.

⁶ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

⁷ United States Census Bureau, Census 2000, http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html, accessed 7 January 2009.

⁸ Thomas Paine, Common Sense (Kessinger, 2004), 13.

⁹ Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus," available online at: https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/colossus.htm

¹⁰ Quoted in David Kennedy, "Can We Still Afford To Be A Nation of Immigrants?" The Atlantic Monthly, November 1996.

¹¹ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

¹² Benjamin Franklin, The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin (2003), 77.

¹³ Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (International Publishers, 1983), 74.

¹⁴ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

¹⁵ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

¹⁶ Michael Uschan The Transcontinental Railroad (Gareth Stevens, 2003), 27.

¹⁷ Ralph Kauer, "The Workingmen's Party of California," Pacific Historical Review 13:3 (Sept. 1944), 281.

¹⁸ William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (U. of California, 1990), 44.

¹⁹ Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (UNC Press, 1998), 177.

²⁰ Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (UNC Press, 1998), 3.

²¹ David Kennedy, "Can We Still Afford To Be A Nation of Immigrants?" The Atlantic Monthly, November 1996.

²² Justice Harlan's dissent to Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896, http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/nclc375/harlan.html, accessed 7 January 2009.

²³ Justice Harlan's dissent to Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896, http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/nclc375/harlan.html, accessed 7 January 2009.

²⁴ "Timeline of Immigration to US 1815-1950," Ellis Island Immigrants, Ellis Island Records, http://www.ellisislandimmigrants.org/ellis_island_immigrants.htm, accessed 7 January 2009.

²⁵ Donnchadh Ó Corráin, "Migrants and Economic Refugees," Emancipation, Famine & Religion: Ireland under the Union, 1815–1870, Multitext Project in Irish History, University College Cork, 26 January 2006, http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Famine#MigrantsandEconomicRefugees, accessed 7 January 2009.

²⁶ Donnchadh Ó Corráin, "Migrants and Economic Refugees," Emancipation, Famine & Religion: Ireland under the Union, 1815–1870, Multitext Project in Irish History, University College Cork, 26 January 2006, http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Famine#MigrantsandEconomicRefugees, accessed 7 January 2009.

²⁷ Michael Uschan The Transcontinental Railroad (Gareth Stevens, 2003), 27.

²⁸ Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus," available online at: https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/colossus.htm

²⁹ Benjamin Franklin, The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin (2003), 77.

³⁰ Abraham Lincoln with Don Fehrenbacher, Speeches and writings 1859-1865: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, Preidential Messages and Proclamations (Library of America, 1989), 363.

³¹ William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (U. of California, 1990), 44.

³² Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (UNC Press, 1998), 3.