How we cite our quotes: Citations follow this format: (Chapter.Paragraph)
Quote #4
When they come at last to Tom-all-Alone's, Mr. Bucket stops for a moment at the corner and takes a lighted bull's-eye from the constable on duty there, who then accompanies him with his own particular bull's-eye at his waist. Between his two conductors, Mr. Snagsby passes along the middle of a villainous street, undrained, unventilated, deep in black mud and corrupt water-- though the roads are dry elsewhere--and reeking with such smells and sights that he, who has lived in London all his life, can scarce believe his senses. Branching from this street and its heaps of ruins are other streets and courts so infamous that Mr. Snagsby sickens in body and mind and feels as if he were going every moment deeper down into the infernal gulf. (22.52)
OK, just so we're all clear about what's going on here: this description has been really toned down for the sensitive Victorian audience. They of course knew what all the euphemisms really stood for, but it's one thing to know a word is implied and another to see it in print. Or something. In any case, the "undrained" street where there is "corrupt water" means there is actually raw sewage (excrement, people) dumped in the street because there are no sewers. So the "unventilated" smells Snagsby is smelling are basically just giant piles of poop. Oh, and the "infernal gulf" is hell – which in the popular imagination smells like brimstone, a.k.a. sulfur. And sulfur smells, yet again, like human waste.
Quote #5
"Now, is it not a horrible reflection," said my guardian, to whom I had hastily explained the unavailing efforts of the two women, "is it not a horrible reflection," walking up and down and rumpling his hair, "that if this wretched creature [Jo] were a convicted prisoner, his hospital would be wide open to him, and he would be as well taken care of as any sick boy in the kingdom?"
"My dear Jarndyce," returned Mr. Skimpole, "you'll pardon the simplicity of the question, coming as it does from a creature who is perfectly simple in worldly matters, but why ISN'T he a prisoner then? [...] I confess I don't see why our young friend, in his degree, should not seek to invest himself with such poetry as is open to him. He is no doubt born with an appetite--probably, when he is in a safer state of health, he has an excellent appetite. Very well. At our young friend's natural dinner hour, most likely about noon, our young friend says in effect to society, 'I am hungry; will you have the goodness to produce your spoon and feed me?' Society, which has taken upon itself the general arrangement of the whole system of spoons and professes to have a spoon for our young friend, does NOT produce that spoon; and our young friend, therefore, says 'You really must excuse me if I seize it.' [...] In the meantime," said Mr. Skimpole cheerfully, "as Miss Summerson, with her practical good sense, observes, he is getting worse. Therefore I recommend your turning him out before he gets still worse."
The amiable face with which he said it, I think I shall never forget. (31.75-83)
So is this an argument against the welfare state? Because if we had lots of social welfare, then people like Skimpole would just do exactly what he is describing here and demand to be fed by society's spoon? Or is the problem that the only available welfare in Victorian England was punitive – so only bad guys in prison got food and medical care on the state's dime, while the "deserving poor" got nothing?
Quote #6
"George," says Mrs. Bagnet, using both her arms for emphasis and occasionally bringing down her open hands upon her knees. "If you have allowed anything wrong to come to that security of Lignum's, and if you have let him in for it, and if you have put us in danger of being sold up--and I see sold up in your face, George, as plain as print--you have done a shameful action and have deceived us cruelly. [...] George, I am ashamed of you! George, I couldn't have believed you would have done it! I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss, but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for Bagnet and the children to lie upon. You know what a hard-working, steady-going chap he is. You know what Quebec and Malta and Woolwich are, and I never did think you would, or could, have had the heart to serve us so. Oh, George!" Mrs. Bagnet gathers up her cloak to wipe her eyes on in a very genuine manner, "How could you do it?" (34.38-40)
This is what happens when you've got an economic system where regular people don't have access to legal credit. George had to borrow money to start up his shooting gallery business. He had no collateral, so he got Bagnet to be the co-signer on the loan. That's all well and good, but when your lender is the loan shark Smallweed rather than your local neighborhood bank – well, friends, you've got trouble right here in River City.